Procedimiento de malone videoasistido en pediatria: primeros dos casos en Uruguay / Laparoscopic malone procedure in pediatrics: first cases in Uruguay / Procedimento de malone videoassistido em pediatria: dois primeiros casos no Uruguai

El procedimiento de apendicostomía continente para la realización de enemas anterógrados ha sido publicado ya hace varios años para el tratamiento de la incontinencia fecal y del estreñimiento de muy difícil manejo. Otra indicación del mismo incluye el estreñimiento severo, en el cual se agotaron las medidas farmacológicas y el único tratamiento efectivo es la realización de enemas. El objetivo principal del procedimiento es ofrecer a los niños y sus familias una alternativa a la hora de realizar los enemas, logrando una mayor adherencia al tratamiento y buscando alcanzar una mejor calidad de vida que permita adecuarse a las actividades con sus pares. Por otra parte permite al niño ir logrando cierta independencia gradual a medida que crezca, preparándolos para el futuro y haciéndolos participes activos de su cuidado. Se describen los primeros casos en donde utilizamos en nuestro medio el abordaje laparoscópico, sus indicaciones, la técnica quirúrgica y los resultados iniciales. Hemos constatado como ventaja principal los beneficios del abordaje mínimamente invasivo, como la exploración completa de la cavidad abdominal, el menor dolor postoperatorio, cicatrices más pequeñas, menor creación de adherencias.

The appendicostomy procedure for performing antegrade enemas has been published several years ago for the treatment of fecal incontinence and constipation that are very difficult to manage. The Malone procedure is performed in our setting, especially in patients with fecal incontinence secondary to neurological disorders such as myelomeningocele using a conventional approach. Other indications of it is severe constipation, in which pharmacological measures have been exhausted and the only effective treatment is enemas. The main objective of the procedure is to offer children and their families an alternative when performing enemas, achieving greater adherence to treatment and seeking to achieve a better quality of life that allows them to adapt to the activities of their peers. On the other hand, it allows the child to achieve a certain gradual independence as they grow, preparing them for the future and making them active participants in their care. The first cases in which we use the laparoscopic approach, its indications, the surgical technique and the initial results are described. We think that its main advantage is the benefits of the minimally invasive approach, such as complete exploration of the abdominal cavity, less postoperative pain, smaller scars, and less creation of adhesions.

O procedimento de apendicostomia continente para a realização de enemas anterógrados foi publicado há vários anos para o tratamento de incontinência fecal e constipação de difícil manejo. Outra indicação inclui constipação grave, na qual as medidas farmacológicas foram esgotadas e o único tratamento eficaz são os enemas. O principal objetivo do procedimento é oferecer às crianças e seus familiares uma alternativa na realização dos enemas, alcançando maior adesão ao tratamento e buscando alcançar uma melhor qualidade de vida que lhes permita adaptar-se às atividades com seus pares. Por outro lado, permite que a criança alcance uma certa independência gradual à medida que cresce, preparando-a para o futuro e tornando-a participante ativa em seus cuidados. São descritos os primeiros casos em que utilizamos a via laparoscópica, suas indicações, a técnica cirúrgica e os resultados iniciais. Confirmamos os benefícios da abordagem minimamente invasiva como principal vantagem, como exploração completa da cavidade abdominal, menos dor pós-operatória, cicatrizes menores e menor formação de aderências.

Chinese expert consensus on perioperative management of chronic constipation (2021 edition) / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Operation is one of the important methods for the treatment of chronic constipation, while the perioperative management is an important part of the operation. This consensus aims to improve the understanding of chronic constipation surgery among Chinese colorectal and anal surgeons and to provide instructions for the perioperative management. This consensus provides detailed recommendations for preoperative assessment, preoperative preparation, the choice of procedures, postoperative management and follow-up. The consensus is intended to reduce complications and improve efficacy.

Diagnosis and treatment of constipation: a clinical update based on the Rome IV criteria / Diagnóstico e tratamento da constipação crônica: atualização baseado nos critérios Roma IV

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the published professional association guidelines regarding the current diagnosis and treatment of functional intestinal constipation in adults and to compare those guidelines with the authors' experience to standardize actions that aid clinical reasoning and decision-making for medical professionals. A literature search was conducted in the Medline/PubMed, Scielo, EMBASE and Cochrane online databases using the following terms: chronic constipation, diagnosis, management of chronic constipation, Roma IV and surgical treatment. Conclusively, chronic intestinal constipation is a common condition in adults and occurs most frequently in the elderly and in women. Establishing a precise diagnosis of the physiopathology of functional chronic constipation is complex and requires many functional tests in refractory cases. An understanding of intestinal motility and the defecatory process is critical for the appropriate management of chronic functional intestinal constipation, with surgery reserved for cases in which pharmacologic intervention has failed. The information contained in this review article is subject to the critical evaluation of the medical specialist responsible for determining the action plan to be followed within the context of the conditions and clinical status of each individual patient.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os consensos de sociedade de especialistas e guidelines publicados sobre o diagnóstico e tratamento da constipação intestinal crônica em adultos, e confrontar com a experiência dos autores, a fim de padronizar condutas que auxiliem o raciocínio e a tomada de conduta do médico. Foi realizada busca na literatura científica, mais precisamente nas bases de dados eletrônicos Medline/Pubmed, Scielo, EMBASE and Cochrane, tendo sido utilizado os seguintes descritores: chronic constipation, diagnosis, management of chronic constipation, Roma IV and surgical treatment. Pode-se concluir que constipação crônica é condição comum em adultos, ocorrendo com maior frequência em idosos e mulheres. Identificar com precisão a fisiopatologia presente na constipação crônica funcional é complexo, requerendo a realização de testes funcionais nos casos refratários. O entendimento da motilidade intestinal e do mecanismo defecatório é importante para o manejo da constipação intestinal crônica funcional, sendo o tratamento cirúrgico indicado para casos selecionados, onde à abordagem medicamentosa não surtiu efeito. As informações contidas neste artigo de revisão devem ser submetidas à avaliação e à crítica do médico especialista responsável pela conduta a ser tomada, frente à sua realidade e ao estado clínico de cada paciente.

Retained or expelled staples after transanal stapled surgery: this is the problem! / Grampos retidos ou expelidos em seguida à cirurgia transanal com grampeador: eis aí o problema!

ABSTRACT Study objective: The aim is to assess the presence and persistence of the agraphes at the level of staple line after transanal stapled surgery. Methods: From April to December 2016 one-hundred-thirteen patients with variable follow-up (6 months-10 years) were randomly selected among all the patients undergone transanal stapled surgery for haemorrhoidal disease or functional disorders such as obstructed defecation syndrome. Only 87 patients agreed to participate this study. All the patients underwent digital exploration, anoscopy and 360° tridimensional transanal ultrasound. Main results: Different types of stapled transanal surgical procedures were performed: 48 transanal rectal resection with high volume device, 24 stapled haemorrhoidopexy, 8 Double Stapled Haemorrhoidopexy, 7 Transtarr. In 41.4% the staple line was not identified with digital examination or anoscopy and 17.2% of patients have some staples partially expelled inside the lumen. 360° tridimensional transanal ultrasound showed a complete staple line at the ano-rectal junction which appears as an interrupted hyperechoic circular layer. Conclusion: The staples after stapled transanal surgery remain at the level of the staple line independently from the device used by the surgeon leading to the necessity of a shared and adequate language, in fact the shed staples need to be considered as expelled instead of retained.

RESUMO Objetivo do estudo: Avaliar a presença e persistência dos agrafes ao nível da linha de aplicação dos grampos, em seguida à cirurgia transanal com grampeador. Métodos: De abril até dezembro de 2016, 113 pacientes com seguimentos variáveis (6 meses-10 anos) foram aleatoriamente selecionados entre todos os pacientes tratados com cirurgia transanal com grampos para tratamento de hemorroidas ou de transtornos funcionais, por exemplo, síndrome de evacuação obstruída. Apenas 87 pacientes concordaram em participar do estudo. Todos os pacientes passaram por exploração digital, anoscopia e ultrassonografia transanal tridimensional de 360°. Resultados principais: Foram realizados diferentes tipos de procedimentos cirúrgicos transanais com grampeador: 48 ressecções retais transanais com uso de grampeador de grande volume, 24 hemorroidopexias com grampeador, 8 hemorroidopexias com grampos duplos e 7 procedimentos com grampeador Transtar. Em 41,4% dos tratamentos, não foi possível identificar a linha de grampeamento com exame digital ou com anoscopia, e em 17,2% dos pacientes alguns grampos foram expelidos para o lúmen. A ultrassonografia transanal tridimensional de 360° revelou uma linha de grampeamento completo na junção anorretal, assumindo o aspecto de uma camada circular hiperecoica interrompida. Conclusão: Em seguida à cirurgia transanal com grampeamento, os grampos permanecem ao nível da linha de grampeamento, independentemente do tipo de grampeador usado pelo cirurgião, o que torna necessária uma linguagem compartilhada e adequada; de fato, os grampos soltos devem ser considerados como expelidos, em lugar de retidos.

Colonic Inertia: approach and treatment / Inércia Cólica: abordagem e tratamento

ABSTRACT Objective: Revision of the state of the art of the knowledge regarding pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of Colonic Inertia, which predominantly affects young women and has a significant socio-economic impact. Methods: A search was made in “colonic inertia”, “colon inertia” and “slow transit constipation” in PubMed database for articles of the last 5 years, in Portuguese or English with available abstract and full text. 59 articles and 2013 guidelines of the American Gastroenterological Association on constipation were included. Results: The pathophysiology is not completely elucidated and the reduction of the interstitial cells of Cajal is the most consistent histological finding. Diagnosis requires the exclusion of secondary causes of constipation and obstructed defecation syndrome, to which contribute several complementary diagnostic tests. Given the frequency of failure of the medical treatment, surgery is often the only possible option. Sacral nerve stimulation seems to be a promising therapeutical alternative. Conclusion: A deeper investigation of the pathophysiological mechanisms is fundamental to acquire a more global and integrated vision. Rigorous patient selection for each treatment and the discovery of new therapeutical targets may avoid the use of surgical therapies.

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisão do estado da arte do conhecimento da patofisiologia, diagnóstico e tratamento da Inércia Cólica, que afeta predominantemente mulheres jovens e tem um impacto socioeconómico significativo. Métodos: Pesquisou-se na base de dados PubMed por “colonic inertia”, “colon inertia” e “slow transit constipation” por artigos apenas dos últimos 5 anos, em português ou em inglês com resumo e texto completo disponíveis. Incluíram-se 59 artigos e as recomendações de 2013 da Associação Americana de Gastroenterologia para a obstipação. Resultados: A patofisiologia ainda não está completamente esclarecida, sendo que a redução das células intersticiais de Cajal constitui o achado histológico mais consistente. O diagnóstico requer a exclusão de causas secundárias de obstipação e de síndrome de obstrução defecatória, para o qual contribuem vários exames complementares de diagnóstico. Dada a frequência do insucesso do tratamento médico, a cirurgia é, muitas vezes, a única opção possível. A estimulação nervosa sagrada parece ser uma alternativa terapêutica promissora. Conclusão: É fundamental uma investigação mais profunda dos mecanismos patofisiológicos envolvidos para adquirir uma visão mais global e integrada. A seleção rigorosa de pacientes para cada tratamento e a descoberta de novos alvos terapêuticos poderão evitar a utilização de terapêuticas cirúrgicas.

RESULTS OF POSTERIOR MYECTOMY FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC CONSTIPATION

Background and Objectives - The aim of this study was to evaluate the result of posterior myectomy in children with chronic constipation who underwent to this surgery. Methods - Forty eight children with chronic constipation who did not respond to diet, laxative, or enema were included. Children with abnormal barium enema showing transitional zone were excluded. Children with documented metabolic disease diabetes, and hypothyroidism were also excluded. All patients underwent posterior myectomy. Children were followed during 1 year after surgery regarding frequency of fecal evacuation, fecal consistency, straining during defecation, and diameter of feces. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 13.0 (Chicago, IL, USA). Results - Of 48 cases that underwent surgery, 21 were male and 27 were female. Age range was 1.5 to 11 years old. Mean duration of constipation before surgery was 22.79±17.08 (range 6-48 months). Mean duration of medical treatment was 14.90±10.31 (range= 6-48 months). Fecal consistency, feces diameter, number of bowel movements and straining during defecation were compared before and after surgery. The results were statistically significant ( P <0.001). Of all cases, 52% continued treatment of constipation after surgery for 1 year. Ganglion cells were absent in 32 cases. Ganglion cells were present in seven children. Proximal ganglion cell was found in nine cases Treatment response was not different between cases according to status of ganglion cell in biopsy. Conclusion - Fecal consistency, feces diameter, number of bowel movements, and straining for defecation were improved after posterior myectomy. Another study with more sample is required for better evaluation of treatment.

Contexto e Objetivo - O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o resultado da miectomia posterior em crianças com constipação crônica que se submeteram à cirurgia. Métodos - Quarenta e oito crianças com constipação crônica que não responderam à dieta, laxante ou enema, foram incluídas em nosso estudo. Crianças com enema de bário anormal, mostrando a zona de transição foram excluídas. Crianças com hipotireoidismo, diabetes e doença metabólica documentada também foram excluídas. Os pacientes foram submetidos à miectomia posterior. As crianças foram seguidas durante 1 ano após a cirurgia em relação a frequência de evacuação fecal, consistência fecal, esforço durante a defecação e diâmetro de fezes. Os dados foram analisados usando SPSS versão 13.0 (Chicago, IL, EUA). Resultados - Dos 48 casos submetidos à cirurgia, 21 eram do sexo masculino e 27 eram do sexo feminino. A faixa etária foi de 1,5 a 11 anos de idade. A duração média da constipação antes da cirurgia foi 22.79±17.08 (intervalo 6-48 meses). A duração do tratamento médico era 14.90±10.31 (intervalo = 6-48 meses). Consistência fecal, diâmetro das fezes, número de evacuações e esforço durante a defecação, foram comparados antes e depois da cirurgia. Os resultados foram estatisticamente significantes ( P <0.001). De todos os casos, 52% continuaram o tratamento da constipação após a cirurgia por 1 ano. Células ganglionares estavam ausentes em 32 pacientes e estiveram presentes em sete pacientes. Células ganglionares proximais foram encontradas em nove casos. A resposta ao tratamento não foi diferente entre os casos de acordo com a presença ou não de células ganglionares na biópsia. Conclusão - A consistência fecal, o diâmetro das fezes, o número de evacuações e o esforço para defecação, melhoraram após miectomia posterior. Para melhor avaliação do tratamento é necessário outro estudo com uma amostra maior.

Anatomical and physiological changes in pelvic diaphragm in patients with chagasic megacolon submitted to Duhamel surgery / Avaliação das alterações anatômicas e funcionais do diafragma pélvico de pacientes portadores de colopatia chagásica submetidos a cirurgia de Duhamel

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION: understand the reasons why Duhamel surgery results in clinical improvement of constipation in patients with Chagasic colopathy. BACKGROUND: Duhamel surgery is one of the most widespread techniques for the treatment of Chagasic megacolon, with low rates of recurrence of constipation. OBJECTIVE: evaluate the anatomical and physiological changes in the pelvic diaphragm of patients with chagasic colopathy, as well as changes occurring after undergoing Duhamel surgery. DESIGN: clinical data and results of cinedefecography, electromanometry and anorectal ultrasound of the anal canal were evaluated in patients with Chagasic colopathy, before and after Duhamel surgery. LOCATION: Service of Coloproctology - Departament of Surgery, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Patients: patients with positive serology for Chagas Disease, with constipation and radiological megacolon, who presented consecutively to the Chagas outpatient clinic and freely agreed to participate in this study, were prospectively included. RESULTS: a total of 20 patients were included, with a mean age of 53.2 years, of which 16 were women. The following parameters were observed in the postoperative period: change in bowel frequency, of, on average, one evacuation every ten days to daily bowel movement; 16 patients used laxatives preoperatively and only one did, intermittently, in postoperative period. Electromanometry showed, postoperatively, a decrease in anal resting pressure (60.88 to 37.2 mmHg p < 0.001) and anal squeeze pressures (244.3 mL to 161.25 p = 0.01), whereas ultrasound showed that 75% of the patients had abnormalities of the internal anal sphincter in the posterior anal canal juxtaposed to the pulled-through colon. Postoperative rectal emptying observed in cinedefecographic tests occurred more quickly and with less effort when compared with the preoperative findings. There was a change in the anorectal angle postoperatively, which became more obtuse, both during rest, straining and during evacuation. CONCLUSIONS: the anatomical and functional changes in the pelvic diaphragm are significant after Duhamel surgery and together, they result in clinical improvement of patients. (AU)

CONTRIBUIÇÃO ORIGINAL: compreender os motivos pelos quais a cirurgia de Duhamel resulta na melhora clínica da obstipação intestinal de pacientes com colopatia chagásica. ANTECEDENTES: a cirurgia de Duhamel é uma das técnicas mais difundidas para o tratamento do megacólon chagásico, com baixos índices de recidiva dos sintomas de obstipação intestinal. OBJETIVO: avaliar as alterações anatômicas e fisiológicas do diafragma pélvico de pacientes portadores de colopatia chagásica e as mudanças ocorridas após serem submetidos à cirurgia de Duhamel. DESENHO DO ESTUDO: foram avaliados os dados clínicos e os resultados de exames de cinedefecografia, eletromanometria anorretal e o ultrassom do canal anal de pacientes portadores de colopatia chagásica, no pré e pós-operatório da cirurgia de Duhamel. LOCALIZAÇÃO: Serviço de Coloproctologia - Departamento de Cirurgia Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás. PACIENTES: foram inclusos, prospectivamente, pacientes com sorologia positiva para Doença de Chagas, com obstipação intestinal e megacólon radiológico, que se apresentaram consecutivamente ao ambulatório de Chagas e que livremente aceitaram participar desse estudo. RESULTADOS : foram incluídos 20 pacientes, com média de idade de 53,2 anos, sendo 16 mulheres. Observou-se, no pós-operatório, uma mudança do ritmo intestinal de, em média, uma evacuação a cada dez dias para uma evacuação diária; 16 pacientes faziam uso de laxantes no pré-operatório e somente um o fazia, intermitentemente, no pós-operatório. A eletromanometria evidenciou, no pós-operatório, uma diminuição das pressões anais de repouso (60,88 para 37,2 mmHg com p < 0,001), e da capacidade retal (244,3 para 161,25 mL, p = 0,01) e o ultrassom revelou que em 75% dos pacientes haviam alterações anatômicas do esfíncter interno na porção posterior do canal anal, justaposto ao local de abaixamento do cólon. O esvaziamento da ampola retal, observado durante a cinedefecografia pós-operatória, se processou mais rapidamente e com menor esforço quando comparado com os achados pré-operatórios. Houve mudança do ângulo anorretal no pós-operatório, que se tornou mais obtuso, tanto durante o repouso como durante o esforço evacuatório. CONCLUSÕES: as alterações anatômicas e funcionais do diafragma pélvico são significativas após a cirurgia de Duhamel e que ela determina, em conjunto, a melhoria clínica dos pacientes. (AU)

Cirugía de la constipación crónica severa clínicamente intratable / Surgery of clinically intractable chronic constipation

Introducción: La constipación es una enfermedad de alta prevalencia en nuestro medio. Aunque el tratamiento quirúrgico es la última opción para estos pacientes, sigue brindando una buena alternativa para esta patología. Buscamos las alteraciones orgánicas subyacentes. Material y métodos: Operamos 40 pacientes entre enero 2006 y diciembre 2009, con diagnóstico de constipación crónica severa clinicamente intratable. 8 eran hombres. El promedio de edad fue de 47.4 años. Comparamos los hallazgos anátomo-patológicos con pacientes no constipados. A todos los pacientes les realizamos tránsito colónico con marcadores, colon por enema y eventualmente defecografia. Resultados: Del total de 40 pacientes, 9 tuvieron diagnóstico de inercia colónica segmentaria, 7 de inercia colónica total y 24 pacientes con tránsito colónico normal. Realizamos 40 colectomías totales. No hubo mortalidad en la serie. No hubo dehiscencias anastomóticas. Todas las anastomosis fueron al recto. 4 pacientes habían tenido resecciones segmentarias previamente. Encontramos en la anatomía patológica de todos los pacientes alteraciones en la forma, estructura y número de las células ganglionares colónicas tanto en el plexo submucoso como en el muscular. Además encontramos otras alteraciones como edema de la submucosa y proliferación angiolipomatosa. Conclusiones: La cirugía de la constipación no solo brindó una terapéutica específica para esta patología, sino también nos brindó una oportunidad de empezar a conocer las alteraciones histológicas subyacentes a esta enfermedad.

Introduction: Constipation is a highly prevalent disease in our area. Although surgical treatment is the last option for these patients, it is still a good choice for this pathology. We want to examine the underlying structural changes. Material and method: From January 2006 to December 2009. 40 patients were operated. The diagnosis was severe chronic constipation, unable to be treated. 8 patients were male. Average age was 47.4 years old. Pathological findings were compared with no constipated patients. All the patients underwent colon transit with markers, barium enema and an eventual defecography. Results: From the total amount of 40 patients, 7 were diagnosed with segmental colonic inertia, 9 with total colonic inertia and 24 patients with normal colonic transit. 40 total colectomies were performed. Mortality was not present in this group. There were no anastomotic dehiscence. All anastomosis were in the superior rectum. 4 patients have had segmental resections before the total colectomy. In the pathological findings of all patients, changes in shape, number and structure of the colon ganglionic cells were observed, both in the submucosal and muscular plexus. Besides, other alterations such as submucosal edema and angiolipomatous proliferation were observed. Conclusions: Constipation surgery offered not only a specific therapy for this pathology, but also an opportunity to know the underlying changes of this disease.

Cecopexia como tratamiento del estreñimiento crónico / Cecopexy as treatment for chronic constipation

Determinar cuales son los principales síntomas de los pacientes con estreñimiento crónico debido a ciego movil y los resultados postoperatorios al someterse a cecopexia. Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y transversal donde se incluyeron todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de estreñimiento crónico de tránsito lento (ciego móvil) que acudieron a la Unidad de Coloproctología del Hospital Universitario de Caracas, desde marzo 2007 a marzo 2010, y a quienes se le realizó un interrogatorio (criterios de Roma III, escala de Wexner), examen físico y estudios de protocolo para estreñimiento (tiempo de transito) colónico, eco y/o videodelecografía, cecografía y colonoscopia de ser justificada) para luego ser sometidos a cecopexia. Se incluyeron 52 pacientes, 50 pacientes (96%) mujeres y 2 (4%) hombres en edades comprendidas entre 19 y 62 años. Se aperaron 22 pacientes (44%), a quienes se les evaluó los principales motivos de consulta tales como disminución de la frecuemcia evacuatoria presente en el 100% de los casos, dolor abdominal y heces duras (96%). defecación obstruida (87%), uso excesivo de laxantes (74%), distensión abdominal (65%) y meteorismo (52%) entre otros. Las patologías asociadas más frecuentes fueron hemorroides en 38% de los casos e intususcepción y rectocele en 30%. El tiempo de tránsito colónico preoperatorio fue anormal en todos los casos, ubicándose los marcadores tanto en colon derecho como izquierdo en 57% y 43% sólo en colon derecho el tiempo de tránsito colónico postoperatorio fue normal en el 83% de los casos y en 17% alterado, 9% en colon izquierdo, 4% derecho y 4% ambos. La cecografía preoperatoria fue grado III en 70% de los casos, grado II 26% y grado I 4% modificandose en el postoperatorio 52% normales, 26% grado I, 18% grado II y 4% grado III. De los 22 pacientes operados, 12(57%) se les realizó como procedimiento asociado a la cecopexia una cura de rectocele vía transanal. La escala de Wexner preoperatoria fue de 6 como promedio...

To determine which are the main symptoms of patients with chronic constipation due to mobile cecum and postoperative outcomes to undergo cecopexy. A descriptive atudy, transverse and prospective, where we included all patients with a diagnosis of chronic constipation of slow traffic (mobile cecum) who came to the Coloproctology Unit of Hospital Universitario de Caracas, from March 2007 to March 2010, and who was conducted an interrogation (Roma III, Wexner scale critería), physical examination and studies of protocol for constipation (colonic transit time, ultrasound and/or videodelecography and colonoscopy to be justified) to then be submitted to cecopexy. We included 52 patients, 50 (96%) women and 2 (4%) men aged between 19 and 62 years. Operated 22 patients (44%) who was assessed the main reasons for consulting such as reduction of the evacuatory frequency present in 100% of the cases, abdominal pain and hard stools (96%), obstructed defecation (87%), over use of laxatives (74%), abdominal distention (65%) and meteorism (52%) among others. The most frequent associated diseases were hemorrhoids in 38% of cases and intussusception and rectocele by 30%. Preoperative colonic transit time was abnormal in all cases, placing markers both in right colon as left by 57% and 43% only in right colon postoperative colonic transit time was normal in 83% of cases and 17% altered, 9% in left colon, 4% right, and 4% both, The preoperative cecography was I grade III in 70% of cases, grade II 26% grade I 4%, modifying in postoperative normal 52%, 26% grade I, 18 per cent grade II and 4% grade III. Of 22 operated patients, 12 (57%) was them performed as associated with the cecopexy procedure a rectocele transanal repair. The scale of Wexner was 6 average and 16 postoperative, like the evacuatory frequency which improved on a daily basis by 69 per cent of cases, more than I time a week at 22% and 9% without improvement. The most frequent complications were mild in 48%...

Guidelines for the Treatment of Constipation / 대한소화기학회지

While constipation is a common symptom in Korea, there are no existing treatment guidelines. Although constipation may occur as a result of organic cause, there is no obstructive mucosal or structural cause in the vast majority of patients with constipation. The present paper deals with only the management of functional constipation: lifestyle changes; bulking agents and stool softeners; osmotic agents; stimulant laxatives; prokinetics; biofeedback and surgical treatments. Exercise and dietary fiber are helpful in some patients with constipation. Laxatives including bulking agents, stool softeners, osmotic agents, and stimulant laxatives have been found to be more effective than placebo at relieving symptoms of constipation. New enterokinetic agents that affect peristalsis through selective interaction with 5-hydroxytryptamine-4 receptors can be effective in patients with constipation who cannot get adequate relief from current laxatives. Biofeedback can relieve symptoms in selected patients with pelvic floor dyssynergia. Surgical treatments can be helpful in some patients with refractory constipation.

Depopulation of interstitial cells of cajal in chagasic megacolon: towards tailored surgery? / Depleção de células intersticiais de Cajal no megacólon chagásico: a caminho do tratamento cirúrgico individualizado?

BACKGROUND: The mechanism of constipation in patients with Chagasic megacolon remains partially explained. In these patients, it was recently demonstrated a reduction in the population of interstitial cells of Cajal. AIM: To evaluate density of Cajal cells in the surgically resected colon of Chagasic patients in comparison to control patients, and to verify possible association between preoperative and postoperative bowel function of Chagasic patients and colonic cell count. METHOD: Sixteen patients with Chagasic megacolon were operated on. Clinical pre- and post-operative evaluation using the Cleveland Clinic Constipation Score was undertaken. Resected colons were examined. Cajal cells were identified by immunohistochemistry using anti-CD117 antibody. The mean cell number was compared to resected colons from 16 patients with non-obstructive sigmoid cancer. Association between pre-and post-operative constipation scores and cell count for megacolon patients was evaluated using the Pearson coefficient correlation test (r). RESULTS: A reduced number of Cajal cells [cells per field: 2.84 (0-6.6) vs. 9.68 (4.3-13) - p<0.001] was observed in the resected colon of Chagasic patients when compared to colon cancer patients. No correlation between constipation score before (r=-0.205; p=0.45) or after surgery (r=0,291; p=0.28) and cell count for megacolon patients was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with Chagasic megacolon display marked reduction of interstitial cells of Cajal when compared to non-Chagasic patients. An association of constipation severity and Cajal cells depopulation in Chagasic megacolon could not be demonstrated.

RACIONAL: A fisiopatologia da constipação intestinal nos pacientes portadores de megacólon chagásico permanece parcialmente esclarecida. Recentemente demontrou-se que nesses pacientes, o contingente de células intersticiais de Cajal está reduzido assim como ocorre em outros distúrbios funcionais gastrointestinais. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a densidade de células intersticiais de Cajal no intestino ressecado de pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico eletivo de megacólon chagásico em comparação com a observada no cólon de pacientes controles, e verificar possível associação entre o grau de constipação intestinal de pacientes com megacólon chagásico no pré e no pós-operatório e o grau de despopulação de células de Cajal. MÉTODO: Dezesseis pacientes com megacólon chagásico foram operados. A avaliação da função intestinal através do escore de constipação da Cleveland Clinic foi registrada antes e após a operação. O espécime cirúrgico foi examinado e as células de Cajal foram identificadas pela técnica imunoistoquímica empregando o anticorpo anti-CD117 (c-kit). O número médio de células de Cajal nos megacólons foi comparado com o de cólons ressecados de 16 pacientes [7 mulheres; média de idade de 62,8 (23-84)] operados de câncer não-obstrutivo do sigmóide. A associação entre o escore de constipação no pré e no pós-operatório e a contagem de células de Cajal foi medida através do coeficente de correlação de Pearson (r). RESULTADOS: Redução significativa no número de células de Cajal (células por campo de 400X: 2,84 (0-6,6) vs. 9,68 (4,3-13) - ] foi observada nos megacólons quando comparados ao espécime de pacientes operados por câncer. Não foi observada associação entre o escore de constipação pré (r=-0.205; p=0.45) ou pós-operatório (r=0,291; p=0.28) a a contagem de células de Cajal para os pacientes com megacólon. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes com megacólon chagásico exibem acentuada redução no número de células intersticiais de Cajal no intestino grosso...

Tratamiento del síndrome de defecación obstruida mediante la técnica de STARR (Stapled Trans Anal Rectal Resection) / Treatment of obstructed defecation syndrome with STARR technique (Stapled Trans and Rectal Resection)

Antecedentes: El síndrome de defecación obstruida (SDO) es una compleja disfunción del piso pelviano en relación a la evacuación rectal cuyo síntoma principal es la constipación. El rectocele anterior y la intususcepción recto anal son sus alteraciones anatómicas más frecuentes. La técnica de STARR (Stapled Tran Anal Rectal Resection), que implica la resección completa de la pared rectal (anterior y/o posterior) vía transanal mediante la utilización de suturadores circulares de 33 mm, ha surgido como alternativa de tratamiento simultáneo de ambas afecciones. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de una técnica quirúrgica, STARR, para el tratamiento del SDO. Diseño: Prospectivo no randomizado. Población: Pacientes del sexo femenino con un índice de SDO superior a 12 sobre 37 puntos posibles. Material y Métodos: Desde Julio de 2007 a Septiembre de 2008 hemos implementado esta técnica en 24 pacientes, seis de las cuales recibieron tratamientos combinados uroginecológicos. Un cuestionario (modificado del índice ODSSS de la Sociedad Italiana de Cirugía de Colon y Recto) para evaluar el índice de defecación obstruida fue respondido por cada paciente. Este índice incluye una evaluación de calidad de vida en base a una escala visual analógica. El mismo se utilizó para evaluar los resultados post operatorios a partir de la cuarta semana...

Background: The obstructive defecation syndrome (ODS) is a complex pelvic floor dysfunction wich implies the difficulty of evacuating the rectum and generates a symptom which is costipation. The presences of an anterior rectocele and/or a recto anal intussusception are the most frequent anatomic findings. The STARR (Starpled Trans Anal Rectal Resection) technique implies a trans anal resection of a strip of anterior and/or posterior rectal wall by means of the use of one or two kits of a 33 mm circular stapler gun. Aim: Evaluate the results of a surgical technique, STARR, for the treatment of ODS. Design: Non randomized prospective study. Population: Female patients with and ODS score >= 12 over possible 37 points. Material and Methods: Since June 2007 up to September 2008 we have applied the STARR procedure to 24 patients, six of whom received a combined uro-gynecological treatment for anterior and/or mid compartment displacements. A modified questionnaire from the Italian Society of Colon and Rectal Surgery was used in order to evaluate the ODS score and quality of life impact. This questionnaire was answered pre surgery and after the fourth week of surgery...

Colectomía total laparóscopica para el tratamiento de inercia colónica: resultados quirúrgicos y funcionales / Laparoscopic total colectomy for colonia inertia: immediate and late results

Introducción: El abordaje laparoscópico en el tratamiento de la inercia colónica (IC) es una técnica que ha demostrado ser una excelente alternativa al abordaje clásico. Objetivo: Presentar la experiencia de la IC y los resultados funcionales obtenidos a mediano plazo luego de una colectomía total con ileorecto anastomosis (CT+IRA) por vía laparóscopica. Material y Método: Se analizaron todos los pacientes operados con diagnóstico de IC a los que se les realizó una CT+IRA vía laparóscopica, en el período 2002 al 2007. Todos poseían un completo estudio para constipación (Historia clínica, manometría ano-rectal, enema baritado, defecografía, estudio radiológico del tránsito colónico y de intestino delgado). Se analizaron las variables preoperatorios y quirúrgicas. Se realizó un seguimiento telefónico evaluando el puntaje según la escala de Wexner para constipación e incontinencia, la recomendación de la cirugía a terceros y satisfacción con el procedimiento (Escala de 1 a 10). Análisis estadístico: Test T de Student. Resultados: En el período mencionado se intervinieron 20 pacientes, todos de sexo femenino. La edad promedio fue de 41,5 años (i: 18-52). El tiempo operatorio fue de 248 minutos (i: 170-360). Hubo una conversión (5 por ciento) por dificultad anatómica. El tiempo medio hasta la expulsión de gases y la realimentación fue al 2º (i: 1-4) y 3º (i: 2-6) día respectivamente. La mediana de estadía postoperatoria fue de 7 días. Se complicaron 7 pacientes (35 por ciento) (3 íleo postoperatorios, 1 trombosis portal, 1 rectorragia, 1 colección peri anastomotica y 1 hemoperitoneo). Hubo una relaparotomía por trombosis portal, una punción percutánea por colección perianastomotica y una relaparoscopía por hemoperitoneo. No hubo mortalidad postoperatoria. Seguimiento a una mediana de 25 meses (i: 1-60); puntaje de Wexner para constipación en el preoperatorio fue 22,3 (i: 19-29) y al control postoperatorio 1,8 (i: 0-6) (p < 0,01). El nivel medio de satisfacción...

Background: Total colectomy with Neo-recto anastomosis has the best results in the treatment of colonic inertia but it is a complex procedure. Laparoscopic approach is a less invasive alternative. Aim: To report the results of laparoscopic total colectomy with Neo rectal anastomosis for the treatment of colonic inertia. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of patients with colonic inertia subjected to a laparoscopic total colectomy with Neo rectal anastomosis. All had a complete preoperative study for constipation. A telephone follow up was performed asking for constipation, fecal incontinence and if they would recommend the procedure to other patients. Results: Twenty female patients aged 18 to 52 years were operated. Mean operative time was 248 minutes. In 5 percent of patients, conversion to open surgery was required. The lapse for gas expulsion and resumption of oral feeding was two and three days after surgery, respectively. Mean hospital stay was seven days. Seven patients (35 percent) has complications (a postoperative ileus in three, a portal vein thrombosis in one, hematochezia in one and hemoperitoneum that required a new laparoscopy in one). The Wexler score for constipation was 22.3 (range 19-29) in the preoperative period and decreased to 1.8 (range 0-6) in the telephone follow up. The mean level of satisfaction was 8 (range 2-10) and only one patient would not recommend the procedure to other patients. Conclusions: Laparoscopic total colectomy for colonic inertia has a 35 percent rate of complications in immediate postoperative period and good functional results in the long term follow up.

The Malone Antegrade Continence Enema (MACE) principle in children: is it important if the conduit is implanted in the left or the right colon?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine which was the optimal side for the conduit to be placed (right or left colon) for antegrade continence enema implantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July 1999 and March 2006, 31 patients underwent the construction of a catheterizable conduit using the Malone principle (MACE) In 22 cases the conduit was re-implanted in the right colon and in 9 cases in the left colon. There were 20 male patients and 11 female patients, with a mean age of 10.23 years. The follow-up period varied from 3 from 83 months (average 25 months). Right and left implantation of the conduit in the colon were compared with regards to the presence of complications, volume of the solution utilized, frequency of colonic lavage, time needed for performing the enema, and degree of satisfaction. RESULTS: One patient with the conduit in the right colon, using the appendix, lost the mechanism after two month follow-up. Thirty patients remain clean and are all capable of performing self-catheterization. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups regarding the variables studied: complications (p = 1.000), solution volume (p = 0.996), time required (p = 0.790) and patient's rating (p = 0.670). The lavage frequency required for patients with the conduit in the right colon may be lower. CONCLUSION: The MACE principle was considered effective for treating fecal retention and leaks, independent of the implantation site. The success of this surgery appears to be directly related to the patient's motivation and not to the technique utilized.

Inercia colónica como manifestación de la constipación crónica: enfoque actual / Constipation due to colonic inertia: current approach

La constipación constituye un importante problema de salud pública. Entre sus bases etiopatogénicas se encuentran la alteración de uno o más factores relacionados con la motilidad colorrectal. Debido a la existencia de múltiples causas, el éxito del tratamiento se basa en un sistemático y detallado estudio del paciente para llegar a un correcto diagnóstico, por lo que inicialmente debe clasificarse en primaria (idiopática.) o secundaria, descartando en primera instancia esta última. Tras precisar el carácter idiopático se inicia un estudio funcional, luego de lo cual se puede reclasificar al paciente como portador de una constipación de causa colónica, ya sea colopatía funcional a inercia colónica, o de una obstrucción de salida. Se realiza una detallada descripción de la inercia colónica, con énfasis en su estudio y terapéutica.

Constipación crónica y cirugía / Severe constipation and surgery

La CCP es una situación con que cada vez más frecuentemente se ve enfrentado el clínico que trata estos temas. Un estudio exhaustivo y el conocer en profundidad a los pacientes permitirán tomar las decisiones correctas y con expectativas reales. La toma de la decisión equivocada, especialmente cuando involucra cirugía, resultará en un paciente insatisfecho. Sin embargo cuando el tratamiento (medico y/o quirúrgico) es exitoso provocará gran alivio y satisfacción en los pacientes.

Comparative study between botulinium toxin injection and partial division of puborectalis for treating anismus

To compare the results of partial division of puborectalis [PDPR] versus local botulinium toxin [BTX-A] injection in treating patients with anismus. This prospective randomized study included 30 male patients with a mean age 38.93 +/- 12.39 years and a mean duration of 5.80 +/- 3.96 years. Diagnosis was made by clinical examination, barium enema, colonoscopy, colonic transit time, anorectal manometry, balloon expulsion test, defecography, and EMG. Patients were randomized into: Group [I]: included 15 patients injected with BTX-A, and Group [II]: included 15 patients who underwent bilateral PDPR. Follow up was conducted for one year. Both BTX-A and PDPR significantly reduced the preoperative constipation scores. The initial and long term success rates were 86.7% and 40% in BTX-A group versus 100% and 66.6% in PDPR group. Recurrence was observed in 7 patients [53.8%] and 5 patients [33.4%] following BTX-A and PDPR respectively. Minor incontinence had occurred in 2 patients [13.3%] following PDPR. BTX-A injection seems to be successful for temporary treatment of anismus. However, PDPR has been found to be a promising method for treatment of anismus with a relatively lower morbidity in relation to its higher success rate